DAY 2.
JAINISM AND BUDDHISM

1. JAINISM

# Founder and Father- Mahavira born 540BC at Kundagram near Vaishali.
# Father- Siddhartha, Mother- Trishala, Wife- Yashoda, Daughter- Anojja Priyadarshani married to Jamali ie. his first disciple.
# Enlightment under Sal tree, near village Jrimbikagrama on the bank of Rajupalika river.
# Died at the age of 72 at Pavapuri near Patna 527BC.
# Three ratna of Jainism called they way of Nirvana: Right Faith, Right Conduct and Right Knowledge.

SACRED LITERATURES:
# Called Shvetambras written in the form of Prakrit called Ardhamagadhi, Name of the literature was Kalpasutra written by Bhadrabahu in language Pali, and Acharangsurtra about rules and regulations of Jain Bhikshus.
# Five main teachings called Pancha Mahavaratas: Non injury, Non lying, Non possession, Non stealing, Observe continence.

PRINCIPLES:
# Rejected the authority of Vedas and Vedic rituals.
# Did not believe in the existence of GOD.
# Attainment of salvation and dying of starvation by believing in penace.
# Laid great emphasis and equality or universal brotherhood

JAIN COUNCILS:
# First- Patliputra(Bihar), Second- Mathura, Third- Vallabhi(Gujrat).

2. BUDDHISM

# Stand on three pillars called Triratna: Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha.
# Founding father of Buddhism was Gautama Buddha born 563BC in the sal grove of Lumbini garden in Kapilavastu.
# Mother- Mahamaya(Kosalan princess), Father- Sudhodhan(Sakya tribe).
# Buddha's name was Siddhartha and Gotra was Gautama.
# His mother died after 7 days of his birth and he was brought up by his aunt Mahaprajapati Gautami.
# Buddha's wife Yashodara gave birth to a son Rahul.
# Left home at the age 29, became famous by name Mahabhinishkarmana
# First became disciple of Aalar kalma(Vaishali).
# Enlightment under Bodhi tree in Gaya ji (Bihar), According to him, soul was a myth.

TYPES:
# Hinayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana.

BUDDHIST TEXTS:
#Vinaya Pitaka.
# Sutta Pitaka.
# Abhidhamma Pitaka.
# Jatak stories(tells about 550 pre births of buddha).
# Milindopanho(Conversation between a greek and a Monk).
# Kathavastu(Hinayana grantha in language sanskrit).
# Mahavibhashashastra(Encyclopedia of Bodh religion by Vasumitra).
# Deepvansh and Mahavansh(History of Srilanka in pali language).

DAY 2.
EPICS (RAMAYANA & MAHABHARTA)

RAMAYANA

# Also known as Adikavya, Written by Valmiki in Sanskrit language in the capital of Kaushal Mahajanpada, Ayodhya (Saket) 500BC- AD4.
# Persian translation of Ramayana by- Badayuni, Tamil translation of Ramayana- Kamban.
# Called bible of South India, Containing 24000 Shlokas.
# Ramcharitmanas was derived from Ramayana by Tulsidas in Awadhi language.

MAHABHARATA

# Longest Epic of the world, Contains 100,000 Shlokas; verse in 18 Parvan (Chapters), by Ved Vyas.
# Bhagvad Gita extracted from Bhishma Parvan of Mahabharta, Shanti Parvan is the largest Parvan in the history.

PURANAS

# Means Old, Writer- Ugrvarsha, AD 4 (Gupta Age), 18 puranas total in number.
# Oldest Purana-Matasya Purana about Satvahana Dynasty.
#10 Avtar of Vishnu has been mentioned in Puranas.
# Vayu Purana give detail about Gupta Dynasty.

DAY 2.
THE VEDIC AGE

# Divided in to two parts: Early Vedic Age (1500-1000BC) and Later Vedic Age (1000-600BC).
# Rig Vedic Age gives knowledge about Aryans, Came from Steppes(from South Russia to Central Russia) and settled in 'Sapta Sindhu, Were semi nomadic and cattle but later they became cultivators and left nomadic life.
# Gauri word is mentioned 176 times in Rig Veda for 'cow'.
# Tribe in Vedic society was called JANA and it was based on kinship.
# NonAryans were called Shudras and Dasas given in the Hymn of 9th Mandal, There was no caste system.
# Sun Gods: Surya, Savitri and Pusan. Gaytri Mantra is addressed to Savitri.
# Institution of GOTRA appeared in this age signified descent from common ancestors.
# Old names of rivers: Chenab-Askini, Ravi-Parusani, Sutlej-Sutudri, Beas-Vipasa, Jehlum-Vitasta.

THE RIG VEDA

# Divided into 10 Mandala, 2-7 are oldest known as family Mandala, 1,8 and 10th were added later and called Sepuk.

# Gaytri Mantra is mentioned in 3rd Mandala of Rig Veda written by Maharishi Vishwamitra, Singer of Rig Veda is called Hotra.

THE YAJUR VEDA

# Most Ritualistic Veda, Divided into Shukla Yajur Veda (Poetry) and Krishna Yajur Veda (Prose and Poetry).

# Deals with the performance of sacrifices as well as hymns, Singer_ Ardhavayu.

THE SAMA VEDA

# Sama means melody/music, Collection od 1869 Mantras out of which 1474 were derived from Rig Veda.

# Contains Dhrupada Raga, Singer_ Udgata.

THE ARTHA VEDA

# This Veda is also known as Brahma Veda.

# Chronologically different from other Vedas, Trayi term was used by Shatpath Brahman in this.

# Artha Veda mentioned beliefs and practices of Non Aryans, Contain medicinal treatises, magical mantras.

# Sabha and Smiti described as sisters and two daughters of Prajapati.

UPANISHADS

# Knowledge acquired by sitting close to the teacher.

# They do not believe in Orthodox and Sacrifices, Spiritual and philosophical, 108 total in number.

# SATYAMEV JAYATE was extracted from Mundak Upanishad

UPVEDAS

#Vedas dealing with the secular subjects:

Ayur Veda, Dhanur Veda, Gandharva Veda and Shilpa Veda.

DAY 1.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

# Also known as Harappa civilization because it was the first excavated site.
# Sites of Indus civilization-  Northern_ Ropar (Punjab), Eastern_ Alamgirpur(UP), Western_ Sutkagendor(Makran,Pakistan), Southern_ Bhagatrav (Gujrat).
# Harappa_ Excavated1921 by Dayaram Sahani, Montgomri district of Punjab, Bank of Ravi river,   Discovery_Graveyard.
# Mohanjodaro_ A.K.A Mount of dead, Excavated1922 by RD Bannerji, Larkhana district of Sindh, Bank of Indus river, 9 Things found  from excavation:
1.Bronze dancing girl
2.Stealite statue of priest
3.Seal bearing pashupati
4.Indian ship evidence
5.Woven cloth piece
6.Bearded man
7.Two bronze swords
8.Great granary
9.Assembly house.
# Kalibangan_ Excavated1953 by Amlanand Ghosh, Rajasthan (Ghaggar river), Largest concentration of Harappa settlements, Brick making industry.
#Chanhudaro_ Excavated1931 by NG Majumdar, Eastern side of Indus river( Pakistan), Perfect craftsmen, Metal works, Ornaments and Discovery of a small pot probably Inkpot.
#Lothal_ Excavated1957 by SR Rao, Gulf of Cambay(Gujrat) Bhagava river, Earliest evidence of rice and fire cults, Artificial brick dockyard.
#Banwali_ Excavated1973-74 by RS Bistt, Hissar(Haryana)Ghaggar river, Found large quantity of Barley, Seasmum and Mustard, 4 Things found in excavation:
1.Clay bangles
2.Goddess statue
3.Tetracotta plough
4.Human/animal figures.
# Dholavira_ Excavated by RS Bistt, Latest and one of the two largest Harappan settlements in India, Other one is in Rakhigarhi(Haryana).

 OTHER ASPECTS:

Seals: Made of stealite(Soft stone), Unicorn bull is the most frequent animal engraved on seals with short inscriptions, Shaped- Round, Square and Triangular.
Trade: Both internal and external trade was there, No metallic money but Barter system was there, Main crops were wheat and rice at Lothal and Rangpur districts

Indus people were first to produce Cotton in the world.